Publikationen

2024

• Automatically generated state observers – toolchain and validation with real measurements

  Geisler, J. . (2024). Automatically generated state observers – toolchain and validation with real measurements. In Torque 2024. Florenz: IOP Publishing. http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/3/032003 (Original work published Juni 2024)

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  State estimation of wind turbines is the basis for many advanced control strategies and analysis applications such as condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, and much more. It depends on the application and its goals, which states of the real turbine are relevant. Therefore, estimators with different levels of detail and sets of states suitable for the problem at hand are needed. This paper describes a toolchain that generates custom-tailored code for an extended Kalman filter. The aim is to create computationally highly efficient estimators for a wide range of applications. Automatic generation of source code allows for agile experimentation and reduces the risk of time-consuming implementation errors. The new contributions are the selection and combination of all parts of the toolchain, the extension of the integration algorithm to include the Jacobian of the transition function, and the adaptation of an efficient covariance auto-tuning algorithm. Four different models are validated in a three-stage process, including measurement data from a real turbine.

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  • Personenseiten

    • Geisler, Jens

  • Profilbereich

    • Erneuerbare Energien und nachhaltige Entwicklung

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Wind
    • Data Science und Künstliche Intelligenz

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science

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  • 2024
  • Conference Paper
  • • Jens Geisler

• User experience evaluation study on the quality of 1K, 2K, and 4K H.265/HEVC video content

  Falkowski-Gilski, P. ., & Uhl, T. . (2024). User experience evaluation study on the quality of 1K, 2K, and 4K H.265/HEVC video content. Szczecin/Poland: Scientific Journals PMS. http://doi.org/10.17402/595 (Original work published Juni 2024)

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  • Personenseiten

    • Uhl, Tadeus

  • Forschungsfeld

    • IT-Security

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation

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  • 2024
  • Journal
  • • Przemyslaw Falkowski-Gilski
    • Tadeus Uhl

• Enhancing Spatial Problem-Solving Through Data-Driven Methods: A Practical Approach Utilizing Immersive Technologies and Multimodal Physical Tracking

  Bendig, H. . (2024). Enhancing Spatial Problem-Solving Through Data-Driven Methods: A Practical Approach Utilizing Immersive Technologies and Multimodal Physical Tracking. In Companion Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (S. 150–152). Greenville, SC, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. http://doi.org/10.1145/3640544.3645244 (Original work published März 2024)

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  This project aims to explore how data-driven methods can be used to enhance humans’ problem-solving skills in spatial tasks and how they can be integrated into immersive tutoring systems. The goal is to provide an enhanced, state-dependent approach that is also applicable outside the laboratory, within real-life scenarios. Digital tutoring and learning systems are typically expert systems and follow a predefined training routine. Ongoing research concentrates on adaptive methods within affective- and cognition-aware systems, yet there is comparatively less investigation into recognizing and adapting problem-solving strategies. Spatial skill have been shown to be especially important for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) disciplines in general. Due to their design, immersive systems are particularly suitable for training of spatial skills and are thus frequently utilized for this.

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    • Bendig, Henner

  • Abteilung/Einrichtung

    • CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability
    • UsabilityLab

  • Profilbereich

    • Informatik und Gestaltung

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Human-Computer-Interaction
    • Data Science und Künstliche Intelligenz

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation

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  • 2024
  • Conference Paper
  • • Henner Bendig
  • • Data-driven Methods
    • Immersive Technologies
    • Spatial Skills
    • biocybernetic control loop

• Hydraulic variable inertia flywheel

  Jauch, C. ., Jost, R. ., & Kloft, P. . (2024). Hydraulic variable inertia flywheel. Applied Energy, 360, 16. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122830 (Original work published Februar 2024)

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  A novel variable inertia flywheel that uses the mass of a rotating hydraulic fluid is proposed in this paper. In contrast to variable inertia flywheels that use solid masses, this flywheel stands out for its simplicity. In contrast to many other common energy storages, it does not require any environmentally harmful, rare or expensive materials. The basic working principle and the equations that cover the hydraulic behaviour, the pneumatic behaviour and the energy from angular momentum are introduced. These equations are applied to the geometry of the proposed flywheel concept, which allows quantifying the pressures that act on the different mechanical flywheel components. These pressures, together with the centrifugal acceleration from rotation, lead to the loads that have to be withstood by the mechanical components. A simple method for quantifying these loads, and for dimensioning the mechanical components, allows deriving the stationary masses and inertias. A parameter study is conducted, in which different parameters of the flywheel are varied in order to find the maxima in energy density and specific energy. The results of this parameter study reveal that the proposed hydraulic variable inertia flywheel is a very simple and safe energy storage that could provide AC power systems with inertia and control power to support their frequency.

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    • Jauch, Clemens

  • Forschungsprojekt

    • Inno!Nord: Innovationslabor: Speicher zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien im echten Norden

  • Abteilung/Einrichtung

    • Wind Energy Technology Institute

  • Profilbereich

    • Erneuerbare Energien und nachhaltige Entwicklung

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Innovation und Wachstum, Nachhaltigkeit
    • Wind
    • Netzintegration

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science

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  • 2024
  • Journal Article
  • • Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch
    • Rebecca Jost
    • Peter Kloft
  • • Energy storage
    • Fluid
    • Flywheel
    • Kinetic energy
    • Variable moment of inertia
    • Variable inertia flywheel

• Dominance hierarchy does not influence distances travelled and area utilization in a large group of ponies

  Weidling, G. ., Krieter, J. ., Lübben, R. ., & Czycholl, I. . (2024). Dominance hierarchy does not influence distances travelled and area utilization in a large group of ponies. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 271. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106178 (Original work published Februar 2024)

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  In order to improve existing horse husbandry practices by providing social contact and exercise opportunities, it is necessary to fully understand the behaviour of horses in relation to group housing. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of dominance hierarchy on the locomotor behaviour and area utilization in a large group of horses in a pasture-based housing system in Northern Germany. The movements of 40 ponies with established group affiliations were observed over approximately one month from late August to early October 2022 using GPS technology. Their dominance hierarchy was determined by testing each possible combination in separate pair-feeding tests. For the determination of area utilization, the available space was divided into a total of 8889 quadrants with 3x3 m each. Analysis of daily distances travelled by the horses revealed an average of 5.4 ± 1.2 km/day, with no significant effect of social rank. However, age had a significant effect, with older horses walking shorter distances. Quadrants used per hour, as measure of area utilization, averaged 37.9 ± 6.4, with no effect of social rank but a significant effect of age observed. Heat maps showed full pasture utilization, with lower ranked horses having less access to resources around the watering trough and a greater use of less attractive grazing areas. The study suggests that in this specific setting, social rank did not significantly affect locomotor behaviour or area use. Although the study did not find a correlation between dominance rank and locomotor behaviour or area use, it highlighted the need for further research in different group sizes and housing systems to optimise group housing practices for horses, especially in settings with limited space and resources.

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    • Lübben, Ralf

  • Abteilung/Einrichtung

    • FLAIR - Flensburg Artificial Intelligence Research

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Data Science und Künstliche Intelligenz

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 4: Wirtschaft

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  • 2024
  • Journal Article
  • • Gesa Weidling
    • Joachim Krieter
    • Ralf Lübben
    • Irena Czycholl
  • • Horse
    • Dominance hierarchy
    • GPS
    • Distance
    • Area utilization
    • Group housing

• An Assessment of Costs for System Inertia in Future Power Systems consisting of a high Share of Non-Synchronous Penetration

  Thiesen, H. . (2024). An Assessment of Costs for System Inertia in Future Power Systems consisting of a high Share of Non-Synchronous Penetration. Interdisciplinary Institute for Environmental, Social and Human Sciences Department of Energy and Environmental Management, Europa-Universität Flensburg. Europa-Universität , Flensburg. (Original work published 2024)

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  The need to limit global warming by decarbonising power systems drives the replacement of fossil fuel-fired power plants with renewable energy sources. For the most part, with frequency converter connected wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. As a result, power system inertia decreases. To maintain the controllability of the grid frequency, countermeasures need to be taken, which are associated with costs. This work assesses costs for system inertia in future power systems with a high share of non-synchronous penetration. Publications part of this cumulative thesis are categorised into three phases. The first phase assesses the basics of system inertia and defines fundamental assumptions. In the second phase, single topics such as load inertia, inertia provision via the day-ahead market and the influence of synthetic inertia provided by wind turbines on the power system are assessed. The last phase combines previous findings and analyses system costs of the future German power system due to the provision of inertia. In the Continental European power system, non-synchronous flywheel systems are the least-cost solution to provide necessary synthetic inertia with total annual costs of 167.64e/(kg·m2). Currently, load inertia accounts for 20% of the total system inertia and contribution of different consumer groups varies significantly. Securing sufficient system inertia in the Irish power system via the day-ahead market results in additional operating costs ranging from 1.02e/(kg·m2) to 4.49e/(kg·m2). Wind turbines can provide continuous inertia and are thus able to reduce must-run capacities and resulting CO2 emissions in the Irish power system by 31 %, curtailment by 40% and system costs by 33 %. Results indicate costs in future German power systems for inertia provision in the range from 0.002e/(kg·m2) to 0.61e/(kg·m2). Wind turbines and synchronous condensers equipped with flywheels providing inertia are the most cost-efficient solution to maintain the controllability of the grid frequency in future power systems. Higher CO2 certificate prices need to be taken into account to achieve overall decarbonisation targets. Further, reduction of primary power reserves activation time is crucial.

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    • Thiesen, Henning

  • Abteilung/Einrichtung

    • Wind Energy Technology Institute

  • Profilbereich

    • Erneuerbare Energien und nachhaltige Entwicklung

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Wind
    • Netzintegration

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science

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  • 2024
  • Thesis
  • • Henning Thiesen

• Problem Solving Strategies in Physical and Mental Rotation

  Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2024). Problem Solving Strategies in Physical and Mental Rotation. Spatial Cognition Conference 2024. Dublin.

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  • Personenseiten

    • Bertel, Sven

  • Forschungsprojekt

    • Kompetenzen für eine digitale Welt: partizipative Entwicklung von Apps zum Training räumlicher Fähigkeiten im Unterricht

  • Abteilung/Einrichtung

    • CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

  • Profilbereich

    • Informatik und Gestaltung

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Human-Computer-Interaction

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation

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  • 2024
  • Conference Proceedings
  • • Stefanie Wetzel
    • Sven Bertel

• Breast cancer survival prediction using an automated mitosis detection pipeline

  Stathonikos, N. ., Aubreville, M. ., de Vries, S. ., Wilm, F. ., Bertram, C. A., Veta, M. ., & van Diest, P. J. (2024). Breast cancer survival prediction using an automated mitosis detection pipeline. The Journal of Pathology: Clinical Research, 10, e70008. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2056-4538.70008

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  Abstract Mitotic count (MC) is the most common measure to assess tumor proliferation in breast cancer patients and is highly predictive of patient outcomes. It is, however, subject to inter- and intraobserver variation and reproducibility challenges that may hamper its clinical utility. In past studies, artificial intelligence (AI)-supported MC has been shown to correlate well with traditional MC on glass slides. Considering the potential of AI to improve reproducibility of MC between pathologists, we undertook the next validation step by evaluating the prognostic value of a fully automatic method to detect and count mitoses on whole slide images using a deep learning model. The model was developed in the context of the Mitosis Domain Generalization Challenge 2021 (MIDOG21) grand challenge and was expanded by a novel automatic area selector method to find the optimal mitotic hotspot and calculate the MC per 2 mm2. We employed this method on a breast cancer cohort with long-term follow-up from the University Medical Centre Utrecht (N = 912) and compared predictive values for overall survival of AI-based MC and light-microscopic MC, previously assessed during routine diagnostics. The MIDOG21 model was prognostically comparable to the original MC from the pathology report in uni- and multivariate survival analysis. In conclusion, a fully automated MC AI algorithm was validated in a large cohort of breast cancer with regard to retained prognostic value compared with traditional light-microscopic MC.

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    • Aubreville, Marc

  • Abteilung/Einrichtung

    • FLAIR - Flensburg Artificial Intelligence Research

  • Profilbereich

    • Informatik und Gestaltung

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Data Science und Künstliche Intelligenz

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation

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  • 2024
  • Journal Article
  • • Nikolas Stathonikos
    • Marc Aubreville
    • Sjoerd de Vries
    • Frauke Wilm
    • Christof Bertram
    • Mitko Veta
    • Paul van Diest
  • • artificial intelligence
    • machine learning
    • histopathology
    • prognosis
    • mitosis
    • outcome
    • deep learning

• Data-Driven Analysis of Physical and Mental Rotation Strategies

  Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2024). Data-Driven Analysis of Physical and Mental Rotation Strategies. CogSci 2025 conference. Rotterdam: Cognitive Science Society.

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  Studying physical rotation (i.e., rotation tasks during which figures can be physically rotated, such as through gestures) can offer insights also into problem solving processes at work during mental rotation. We present a novel method for behavioral pattern analysis which we applied to data from 2,999 physical rotation tasks gathered in-class from 50 secondary school students. The method uses normalized, resampled, time-dependent data on angular offsets between figures over time and agglomerative, correlation-based clustering. Each cluster represents a distinct behavioral pattern and its respective prototype a problem solving strategy. Results indicate that multiple strategies were employed: The dominant strategy matches the classical model of mental rotation, in which angular offsets between figures are decreased over time. For the secondary strategy, angular offsets were actually increased. A subsequent analysis shows that the secondary strategy was more frequently used for symmetric figures, possibly indicating problems with correctly matching segments across figures.

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  • Personenseiten

    • Bertel, Sven

  • Forschungsprojekt

    • Kompetenzen für eine digitale Welt: partizipative Entwicklung von Apps zum Training räumlicher Fähigkeiten im Unterricht

  • Abteilung/Einrichtung

    • CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

  • Profilbereich

    • Informatik und Gestaltung

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Human-Computer-Interaction

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation

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  • 2024
  • Conference Proceedings
  • • Stefanie Wetzel
    • Sven Bertel

• Information mismatch in PHH3-assisted mitosis annotation leads to interpretation shifts in H&E slide analysis

  Ganz, J. ., Marzahl, C. ., Ammeling, J. ., Rosbach, E. ., Richter, B. ., Puget, C. ., … Aubreville, M. . (2024). Information mismatch in PHH3-assisted mitosis annotation leads to interpretation shifts in H&E slide analysis. Scientific Reports, 14, 26273. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77244-6

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  Abstract The count of mitotic figures (MFs) observed in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides is an important prognostic marker, as it is a measure for tumor cell proliferation. However, the identification of MFs has a known low inter-rater agreement. In a computer-aided setting, deep learning algorithms can help to mitigate this, but they require large amounts of annotated data for training and validation. Furthermore, label noise introduced during the annotation process may impede the algorithms’ performance. Unlike H&E, where identification of MFs is based mainly on morphological features, the mitosis-specific antibody phospho-histone H3 (PHH3) specifically highlights MFs. Counting MFs on slides stained against PHH3 leads to higher agreement among raters and has therefore recently been used as a ground truth for the annotation of MFs in H&E. However, as PHH3 facilitates the recognition of cells indistinguishable from H&E staining alone, the use of this ground truth could potentially introduce an interpretation shift and even label noise into the H&E-related dataset, impacting model performance. This study analyzes the impact of PHH3-assisted MF annotation on inter-rater reliability and object level agreement through an extensive multi-rater experiment. Subsequently, MF detectors, including a novel dual-stain detector, were evaluated on the resulting datasets to investigate the influence of PHH3-assisted labeling on the models’ performance. We found that the annotators’ object-level agreement significantly increased when using PHH3-assisted labeling (F1: 0.53 to 0.74). However, this enhancement in label consistency did not translate to improved performance for H&E-based detectors, neither during the training phase nor the evaluation phase. Conversely, the dual-stain detector was able to benefit from the higher consistency. This reveals an information mismatch between the H&E and PHH3-stained images as the cause of this effect, which renders PHH3-assisted annotations not well-aligned for use with H&E-based detectors. Based on our findings, we propose an improved PHH3-assisted labeling procedure.

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    • Aubreville, Marc

  • Forschungsprojekt

    • Robust and Accurate Multi-Tumor, Multi-Species, Multi-Laboratory and Multi-Scanner Mitosis Detection with Large-Scale Datasets and Artificial Intelligence

  • Abteilung/Einrichtung

    • FLAIR - Flensburg Artificial Intelligence Research
    • CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

  • Profilbereich

    • Informatik und Gestaltung

  • Forschungsfeld

    • Human-Computer-Interaction
    • Data Science und Künstliche Intelligenz

  • Fachbereich

    • Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation

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  • 2024
  • Journal Article
  • • Jonathan Ganz
    • Christian Marzahl
    • Jonas Ammeling
    • Emely Rosbach
    • Barbara Richter
    • Chloé Puget
    • Daniela Denk
    • Elena Demeter
    • Flaviu Tăbăran
    • Gabriel Wasinger
    • Karoline Lipnik
    • Marco Tecilla
    • Matthew Valentine
    • Michael Dark
    • Niklas Abele
    • Pompei Bolfa
    • Ramona Erber
    • Robert Klopfleisch
    • Sophie Merz
    • Taryn Donovan
    • Samir Jabari
    • Christof Bertram
    • Katharina Breininger
    • Marc Aubreville