Publikationen

2024

An Assessment of Costs for System Inertia in Future Power Systems consisting of a high Share of Non-Synchronous Penetration

Thiesen, H. . (2024). An Assessment of Costs for System Inertia in Future Power Systems consisting of a high Share of Non-Synchronous Penetration. Interdisciplinary Institute for Environmental, Social and Human Sciences Department of Energy and Environmental Management, Europa-Universität Flensburg. Europa-Universität , Flensburg. (Original work published 2024)

Abstract

The need to limit global warming by decarbonising power systems drives the replacement of fossil fuel-fired power plants with renewable energy sources. For the most part, with frequency converter connected wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. As a result, power system inertia decreases. To maintain the controllability of the grid frequency, countermeasures need to be taken, which are associated with costs. This work assesses costs for system inertia in future power systems with a high share of non-synchronous penetration. Publications part of this cumulative thesis are categorised into three phases. The first phase assesses the basics of system inertia and defines fundamental assumptions. In the second phase, single topics such as load inertia, inertia provision via the day-ahead market and the influence of synthetic inertia provided by wind turbines on the power system are assessed. The last phase combines previous findings and analyses system costs of the future German power system due to the provision of inertia. In the Continental European power system, non-synchronous flywheel systems are the least-cost solution to provide necessary synthetic inertia with total annual costs of 167.64e/(kg·m2). Currently, load inertia accounts for 20% of the total system inertia and contribution of different consumer groups varies significantly. Securing sufficient system inertia in the Irish power system via the day-ahead market results in additional operating costs ranging from 1.02e/(kg·m2) to 4.49e/(kg·m2). Wind turbines can provide continuous inertia and are thus able to reduce must-run capacities and resulting CO2 emissions in the Irish power system by 31 %, curtailment by 40% and system costs by 33 %. Results indicate costs in future German power systems for inertia provision in the range from 0.002e/(kg·m2) to 0.61e/(kg·m2). Wind turbines and synchronous condensers equipped with flywheels providing inertia are the most cost-efficient solution to maintain the controllability of the grid frequency in future power systems. Higher CO2 certificate prices need to be taken into account to achieve overall decarbonisation targets. Further, reduction of primary power reserves activation time is crucial.
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Thiesen, Henning

Abteilung/Einrichtung

Wind Energy Technology Institute

Profilbereich

Erneuerbare Energien und nachhaltige Entwicklung

Forschungsfeld

Wind

Netzintegration

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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2024

Thesis

Henning Thiesen

2022

Potential of Onshore Wind Turbine Inertia in Decarbonising the Future Irish Energy System

Thiesen, H. ., & Jauch, C. . (2022). Potential of Onshore Wind Turbine Inertia in Decarbonising the Future Irish Energy System. Applied Sciences, 12(6), 16. http://doi.org/10.3390/app12062984 (Original work published März 2021)

Abstract

Power system inertia is an essential part for grid frequency stability and decreases due to the replacement of fossil fuel fired power plants with variable renewable energy sources. This development is not represented sufficiently in unit commitment and economic dispatch models. If considered at all, only synchronous inertia from fossil fuel driven power plants is modelled. This results in increased CO2 emissions, curtailed renewable energy and high system costs. While wind turbines are a source for synthetic inertia and an important renewable energy source, their capability to provide inertia is not incorporated into energy system models. The work at hand closes this research gap and applies a methodology to depict synthetic inertia provided by wind turbines as part of the optimisation dispatch model. A unit commitment and economic inertia dispatch model of the the all-Island Irish power system is created. The potential of wind inertia is analysed and quantified by assessing CO2 emissions, curtailed renewable energy and system costs. Results show that synthetic inertia provided by wind turbines can save up 30.99% of the CO2 emissions, reduce curtailment by up to 39.90% and reduce system costs by 32.72%.
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Thiesen, Henning

Jauch, Clemens

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Wind Energy Technology Institute

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Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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2022

Journal Article

Henning Thiesen

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

2021

Application of a New Dispatch Methodology to Identify the Influence of Inertia Supplying Wind Turbines on Day-Ahead Market Sales Volumes

Thiesen, H. ., & Jauch, C. . (2021). Application of a New Dispatch Methodology to Identify the Influence of Inertia Supplying Wind Turbines on Day-Ahead Market Sales Volumes. Energies, 14(5). http://doi.org/10.3390/en14051255 (Original work published Februar 2021)

Abstract

Power system inertia is an essential part of grid frequency control. The number of synchronously connected machines, which inherently provide inertia, is decreasing due to the transition to renewable energies. Conventional generation units are being replaced by renewable generation units which are connected to the grid via frequency converters. Some power systems already suffer from too little power system inertia. Hence, inertia is a valuable yet non-traded commodity. A day-ahead dispatch methodology to secure power system inertia was developed and is applied and assessed in this work. Day-ahead market data of the combined market of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is used. If the superimposition of sell and buy bids results in insufficient inertia, the dispatch algorithm is applied. In decreasing price order, non-inertia-providing sell bids get replaced by the following sell bids in the merit order. The iterative process is repeated until sufficient inertia is in the system. The provision of synthetic inertia by wind turbines is considered in the process. The costs for additional stored kinetic energy for the assessed time periods and scenarios result in costs ranging from 1.02 to 4.49 EUR/kgm2.
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Thiesen, Henning

Jauch, Clemens

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Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2021

Journal Article

Henning Thiesen

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch
Grid Frequency Data – WETI

Thiesen, H. ., Gloe, A. ., & Jauch, C. . (2021). Grid Frequency Data – WETI. http://doi.org/doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/JBK82

Abstract

The presented grid frequency data is part of research activities at the Wind Energy Technology Instiute (WETI) at the Flensburg University of Applied Sciences. The measurement campaign is conducted in Flensburg, Germany. Hence, the grid frequency of the synchronous area of Continental Europe is tracked. A Dewetron 2010 measurement system is used to record and compute the data. The measurement system computes the grid frequency by tracking the grid voltage with a high sampling rate of 50 kHz. Every 164 ms the software fits a sinusoidal curve into the recorded voltage measurement points using the least-square-sums approach. The period of the resulting sinusoidal function is used as a measure for grid frequency.
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Thiesen, Henning

Gloe, Arne

Jauch, Clemens

Abteilung/Einrichtung

Wind Energy Technology Institute

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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2021

Database

Henning Thiesen

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

WETI

2020

Determining the Load Inertia Contribution from Different Power Consumer Groups

Thiesen, H. ., & Jauch, C. . (2020). Determining the Load Inertia Contribution from Different Power Consumer Groups. Energies, 13(7). http://doi.org/10.3390/en13071588 (Original work published April 2020)

Abstract

Power system inertia is a vital part of power system stability. The inertia response within the first seconds after a power imbalance reduces the velocity of which the grid frequency changes. At present, large shares of power system inertia are provided by synchronously rotating masses of conventional power plants. A minor part of power system inertia is supplied by power consumers. The energy system transformation results in an overall decreasing amount of power system inertia. Hence, inertia has to be provided synthetically in future power systems. In depth knowledge about the amount of inertia provided by power consumers is very important for a future application of units supplying synthetic inertia. It strongly promotes the technical efficiency and cost effective application. A blackout in the city of Flensburg allows for a detailed research on the inertia contribution from power consumers. Therefore, power consumer categories are introduced and the inertia contribution is calculated for each category. Overall, the inertia constant for different power consumers is in the range of 0.09 to 4.24 s if inertia constant calculations are based on the power demand. If inertia constant calculations are based on the apparent generator power, the load inertia constant is in the range of 0.01 to 0.19 s.
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Thiesen, Henning

Jauch, Clemens

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Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2020

Journal Article

Henning Thiesen

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

2019

Identifying electromagnetic illusions in grid frequency measurements for synthetic inertia provision

Thiesen, H. ., & Jauch, C. . (2019). Identifying electromagnetic illusions in grid frequency measurements for synthetic inertia provision. IEEE CPE-POWERENG 2019, 13th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering. (Original work published April 2019)
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2019

Conference Proceedings

Henning Thiesen

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

WETI

2018

A dispatch methodology to secure power system inertia in future power systems

Thiesen, H. ., & Jauch, C. . (2018). A dispatch methodology to secure power system inertia in future power systems. 17th Wind Integration Workshop. (Original work published Oktober 2018)
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2018

Conference Proceedings

Henning Thiesen

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

WETI
Inertial Response Controller Design for a Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Gloe, A. ., Jauch, C. ., Thiesen, H. ., & Viebeg, J. . (2018). Inertial Response Controller Design for a Variable Speed Wind Turbine. WETI. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27846.57926 (Original work published März 2018)
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Thiesen, Henning
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2018

Report

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

Henning Thiesen

J. Viebeg

WETI

2017

The Provision of Synthetic Inertia by Wind Turbine Generators: An Analysis of the Energy Yield and Costs

Thiesen, H. ., Gloe, A. ., Jauch, C. ., & Viebeg, J. . (2017). The Provision of Synthetic Inertia by Wind Turbine Generators: An Analysis of the Energy Yield and Costs. 16th Wind Integration Workshop. (Original work published Oktober 2017)
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Gloe, Arne

Jauch, Clemens

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Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2017

Conference Proceedings

Henning Thiesen

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

J. Viebeg

WETI
Increased Wind Energy Yield and Grid Utilisation with Continuous Feed-In Management

Jauch, C. ., Gloe, A. ., Hippel, S. ., & Thiesen, H. . (2017). Increased Wind Energy Yield and Grid Utilisation with Continuous Feed-In Management. Energies, 870. http://doi.org/10.3390/en10070870
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Thiesen, Henning

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Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2017

Journal Article

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

Arne Gloe

S. Hippel

Henning Thiesen

WETI

2024

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