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2023

Influence of grid support functionalities on the mechanical loads and the energy yield of wind turbines

Gloe, A. (2023). Influence of grid support functionalities on the mechanical loads and the energy yield of wind turbines. Department of Energy and Environmental Management. EUROPA-UNIVERSITÄT , Flensburg. (Original work published Dezember 2023)

Abstract

As the share of inverter connected generation increases in power systems, grid operators worldwide
increase their demand for system services by wind turbines. One of these services, grid frequency
control, is very challenging for wind turbines, as it requires a change of the active power of the wind
turbine. Furthermore, wind turbines are curtailed when the grid capacity is not sufficient to transport
the produced power: the so-called feed-in management. Hence, the control of the wind turbines has
to cope with the needs of the grid. Thus, the wind turbines are exposed to an additional external
excitation in addition to the prevailing wind conditions.
In this thesis, the influence of the providing these services on the wind turbine is analysed. The analysis
is based on time domain simulations of the wind turbine. The models were partly developed in this
project. Additionally, a focus is laid on analysing data to derive realistic scenarios of the grid signals. As
some of these signals were not available, several measurement had to be set up and maintained during
the project.
In a research project with the wind turbine manufacturer Suzlon Energy, a controller for providing
inertial response continuously was developed. In contrast to the state-of-the-art, the magnitude of the
inertial response is scaled with the operating point of the wind turbine in order to provide this service
reliably and at the same time to use the full potential of the wind turbine in strong wind conditions.
This controller is tested with grid frequency scenarios from Europe and India to identify the
consequences for the energy yield and the mechanical loads of the wind turbine. It is shown, that
neither the energy yield nor the loads are affected significantly.
During the research project, a grid islanding and eventually a blackout occurred in Flensburg. The local
grid operator provided data of the grid situation for the day of the blackout. This data allowed to
analyse the cause of the blackout and to develop fictive scenarios how wind turbines could have helped
to stabilize the islanded grid. In the analysed scenarios it was shown, that wind turbines equipped with
an inertial response and a fast frequency response controller could have stabilized the islanded grid
making a blackout less likely. However, the wind turbines were also at risk of running in overspeed, as
they had to reduce their power drastically when stabilizing the grid.
As a consequence of the overspeed problems, a feedforward loop for the pitch control was added to
the grid frequency support controller. It modifies the pitch angle signal from the feedback controller
by a signal depending on the pitch sensitivity and the magnitude of the power change for grid
frequency support. The proposed controller achieved to reduce the overspeed significantly.
In addition to the grid frequency support, a controller for continuous feed-in management was
developed at the institute. It was tested with a fictive case of a weak grid connection, which was
designed based on measurements at the campus in Flensburg. In comparison to the state-of-the-art
feed-in management, the controller allowed a higher energy yield of the wind turbine and a better
utilization of the grid components. The loads of the wind turbine were only slightly increased. Finally,
it is also shown, that feed-in management and inertial response can be provided by a wind turbine at
the same time, as the excitations and the wind turbine response are largely decoupled in the frequency
domain.
It is concluded that wind turbines can provide system services to a larger extend than today without
suffering from unduly harm for its mechanical loads and its energy yield.
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Gloe, Arne

Abteilung/Einrichtung

Wind Energy Technology Institute

Profilbereich

Erneuerbare Energien und nachhaltige Entwicklung

Forschungsfeld

Wind

Netzintegration

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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2023

Thesis

Arne Gloe

2021

Influence of Continuous Provision of Synthetic Inertia on the Mechanical Loads of a Wind Turbine

Gloe, A., Jauch, C., Craciun, B., Zanter, A., & Winkelmann, J. (2021). Influence of Continuous Provision of Synthetic Inertia on the Mechanical Loads of a Wind Turbine. Energies, 14(16), 5185. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14165185

Abstract

In many electrical grids, the share of renewable energy generation increases. As these generators are typically connected to the grid via inverters, the level of grid inertia decreases. Such grids may therefore suffer from high rates of change of frequency during power imbalances. Modern wind turbines can help in controlling the frequency in such grids by providing synthetic inertia. A controller to provide synthetic inertia with wind turbines was developed at the Wind Energy Technology Institute in collaboration with Suzlon Energy. For this controller the influence of providing synthetic inertia on the mechanical loads of the wind turbine is assessed for different grid frequency scenarios. Such a scenario-based load analysis has not been published before, especially as the scenarios are derived from real measurements. The effect of the loads strongly depends on the analyzed grid frequency behavior. Ten months of high quality grid frequency measurements of the Indian grid are analyzed in order to derive inputs for the load calculation. Different types of grid frequency abnormities are identified and categorized with respect to their severity. Based on the observed occurrences of the grid frequency abnormities, realistic scenarios for the load calculations are chosen. The load calculations are performed for a state-of-the-art Suzlon wind turbine generator. The load increases caused by the supply of synthetic inertia are calculated for individual components assuming an otherwise undisturbed power production of the wind turbine in turbulent wind. Furthermore, a hardware-in-the-loop test bench is used to show how the measured grid frequencies are actually perceived by the control system of a typical wind turbine. The original frequency data were recorded with high quality measurement equipment, which is faster and more accurate than a multi-function relay, often used in wind turbines. For exemplary time traces, the effect of the reduced measurement accuracy on the reaction of the wind turbine is shown. This aspect has not been investigated in the literature yet. The results show that wind turbines can provide synthetic inertia without a considerable effect on the lifetime of the wind turbine. However, there are still problems with providing synthetic inertia reliably at high power operating points, which have to be solved.
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Gloe, Arne

Jauch, Clemens

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Wind Energy Technology Institute

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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2021

Journal Article

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

B. Craciun

Arvid Zanter

J. Winkelmann

WETI
Grid Frequency Data – WETI

Thiesen, H., Gloe, A., & Jauch, C. (2021). Grid Frequency Data – WETI. http://doi.org/doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/JBK82

Abstract

The presented grid frequency data is part of research activities at the Wind Energy Technology Instiute (WETI) at the Flensburg University of Applied Sciences. The measurement campaign is conducted in Flensburg, Germany. Hence, the grid frequency of the synchronous area of Continental Europe is tracked. A Dewetron 2010 measurement system is used to record and compute the data. The measurement system computes the grid frequency by tracking the grid voltage with a high sampling rate of 50 kHz. Every 164 ms the software fits a sinusoidal curve into the recorded voltage measurement points using the least-square-sums approach. The period of the resulting sinusoidal function is used as a measure for grid frequency.
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Thiesen, Henning

Gloe, Arne

Jauch, Clemens

Abteilung/Einrichtung

Wind Energy Technology Institute

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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2021

Database

Henning Thiesen

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

WETI
Grid Support with Wind Turbines: The Case of the 2019 Blackout in Flensburg

Gloe, A., Jauch, C., & Räther, T. (2021). Grid Support with Wind Turbines: The Case of the 2019 Blackout in Flensburg. Energies, 14(6), 1697. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14061697

Abstract

The work presented in this paper aims to show how modern wind turbines can help to control the frequency in a small grid which suffers from large power imbalances. It is shown for an exemplary situation, which occurred in Flensburg’s distribution grid in 2019: a major blackout, which occurred after almost two hours in islanding operation, affecting almost the entire distribution grid, which supplies approximately 55,000 households and businesses. For the analysis, a wind turbine model and a grid support controller developed at the Wind Energy Technology Institute are combined with real measurements from the day of the blackout to generate a fictional yet realistic case study for such an islanding situation. For this case study, it is assumed that wind turbines with grid support functionalities are connected to the medium voltage distribution grid of the city. It is shown to what extent wind turbines can help to operate the grid by providing grid frequency support in two ways: By supplying synthetic inertia only, where the wind turbines can help to limit the rate of change of frequency in the islanded grid directly after losing the connection to the central European grid. In combination with the primary frequency control capabilities of the wind turbines (WTs), the disconnection of one gen set in the local power station might have been avoided. Furthermore, wind turbines with primary frequency control capabilities could have restored the grid frequency to 50 Hz shortly after the islanding situation even if the aforementioned gen-set was lost. This would have allowed connecting a backup medium voltage line to the central European grid and thereby avoiding the blackout.
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Gloe, Arne

Jauch, Clemens

Forschungsprojekt

Grenzland INNOVATIV Schleswig-Holstein

Abteilung/Einrichtung

Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2021

Journal Article

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

Thomas Räther

WETI

2019

Ein Windenergieanlagenemulator zum Test von Leistungseinspeisung im Netz

Jauch, C., Rohr, A., Gloe, A., Thiemke, M., & Wilhelm, J. E. (2019). Ein Windenergieanlagenemulator zum Test von Leistungseinspeisung im Netz. Ingenieurspiegel , 4, 4. (Original work published November 2019)
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Jauch, Clemens

Rohr, Alexander

Gloe, Arne
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2019

Magazine Article

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

Alexander Rohr

Arne Gloe

M. Thiemke

J. Wilhelm

WETI
Störfall im Flensburger Stromnetz – wie Windenergieanlagen den Blackout möglicherweise hätten verhindern können

Gloe, A., Jauch, C., & Räther, T. (2019). Störfall im Flensburger Stromnetz – wie Windenergieanlagen den Blackout möglicherweise hätten verhindern können. Ingenieurspiegel , 4, 3. (Original work published November 2019)
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Gloe, Arne

Jauch, Clemens

Abteilung/Einrichtung

Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2019

Magazine Article

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

T. Räther

WETI
Simultaneous Inertia Contribution and Optimal Grid Utilization with Wind Turbines

Jauch, C., & Gloe, A. (2019). Simultaneous Inertia Contribution and Optimal Grid Utilization with Wind Turbines. Energies, 3013. http://doi.org/10.3390/en12153013
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Gloe, Arne

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Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2019

Journal Article

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

Arne Gloe

WETI
Continuous provision of synthetic inertia with wind turbines: implications for the wind turbine and for the grid

Gloe, A., Jauch, C., Craciun, B., & Winkelmann, J. (2019). Continuous provision of synthetic inertia with wind turbines: implications for the wind turbine and for the grid. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13(5), 8. http://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5263
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Gloe, Arne

Jauch, Clemens

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Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2019

Journal Article

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

B. Craciun

J. Winkelmann

WETI

2018

Windenergieanlagen, Schiffsmotoren und Stromnetze: Synergien im Test

Gloe, A., Rohr, A., Jauch, C., & Thiemke, M. (2018). Windenergieanlagen, Schiffsmotoren und Stromnetze: Synergien im Test. Ingenieurspiegel , 4, 2. (Original work published November 2018)
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Rohr, Alexander

Jauch, Clemens

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Wind Energy Technology Institute
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2018

Magazine Article

Arne Gloe

Alexander Rohr

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

M. Thiemke

WETI
Inertial Response Controller Design for a Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Gloe, A., Jauch, C., Thiesen, H., & Viebeg, J. (2018). Inertial Response Controller Design for a Variable Speed Wind Turbine. WETI. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27846.57926 (Original work published März 2018)
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Thiesen, Henning
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2018

Report

Arne Gloe

Prof. Dr. Clemens Jauch

Henning Thiesen

J. Viebeg

WETI

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