Publikationen

Joint Frequency Stabilisation in Future 100% Renewable Electric Power Systems

Reese, L. ., Rettig, A. ., Jauch, C. ., Domin, R. J., & Karshüning, T. . (2025). Joint Frequency Stabilisation in Future 100% Renewable Electric Power Systems. Energies, 18, 17. http://doi.org/10.3390/en18020418 (Original work published Januar 2025)

Abstract

Due to the energy transition, the future electric power system will face further challenges that affect the functionality of the electricity grid and therefore the security of supply. For this reason, this article examines the future frequency stabilisation in a 100% renewable electric power system. A focus is set on the provision of inertia and frequency containment reserve. Today, the frequency stabilisation in most power systems is based on synchronous generators. By using grid-forming frequency converters, a large potential of alternative frequency stabilisation reserves can be tapped. Consequently, frequency stabilisation is not a problem of existing capacities but whether and how these are utilised. Therefore, in this paper, a collaborative approach to realise frequency stabilisation is proposed. By distributing the required inertia and frequency containment reserve across all technologies that are able to provide it, the relative contribution of each individual provider is low. To cover the need for frequency containment reserve, each capable technology would have to provide less than 1% of its rated power. The inertia demand can be covered by the available capacities at a coverage ratio of 171% (excluding wind power) to 217% (all capacities). As a result, it is proposed that provision of frequency stabilisation is made mandatory for all capable technologies. The joint provision distributes the burden of frequency stabilisation across many participants and hence increases redundancy. It ensures the stability of future electricity grids, and at the same time, it reduces the technological and economic effort. The findings are presented for the example of the German electricity grid.
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  Jauch, Clemens
- Forschungsprojekt
  
  Inno!Nord: Innovationslabor: Speicher zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien im echten Norden
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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  Erneuerbare Energien und nachhaltige Entwicklung
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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Hydraulic variable inertia flywheel

Jauch, C. ., Jost, R. ., & Kloft, P. . (2024). Hydraulic variable inertia flywheel. Applied Energy, 360, 16. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122830 (Original work published Februar 2024)

Abstract

A novel variable inertia flywheel that uses the mass of a rotating hydraulic fluid is proposed in this paper. In contrast to variable inertia flywheels that use solid masses, this flywheel stands out for its simplicity. In contrast to many other common energy storages, it does not require any environmentally harmful, rare or expensive materials. The basic working principle and the equations that cover the hydraulic behaviour, the pneumatic behaviour and the energy from angular momentum are introduced. These equations are applied to the geometry of the proposed flywheel concept, which allows quantifying the pressures that act on the different mechanical flywheel components. These pressures, together with the centrifugal acceleration from rotation, lead to the loads that have to be withstood by the mechanical components. A simple method for quantifying these loads, and for dimensioning the mechanical components, allows deriving the stationary masses and inertias. A parameter study is conducted, in which different parameters of the flywheel are varied in order to find the maxima in energy density and specific energy. The results of this parameter study reveal that the proposed hydraulic variable inertia flywheel is a very simple and safe energy storage that could provide AC power systems with inertia and control power to support their frequency.
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  Jauch, Clemens
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  Inno!Nord: Innovationslabor: Speicher zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien im echten Norden
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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  Erneuerbare Energien und nachhaltige Entwicklung
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  Innovation und Wachstum, Nachhaltigkeit
  
  Wind
  
  Netzintegration
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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A Resource-Efficient Design for a Flexible Hydraulic-Pneumatic Flywheel in Wind Turbine Blades

Alhrshy, L. ., & Jauch, C. . (2022). A Resource-Efficient Design for a Flexible Hydraulic-Pneumatic Flywheel in Wind Turbine Blades. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2265, 032018. http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032018 (Original work published 2025)

Abstract

The utilization of renewable energy resources significantly increases in order to reduce the impact of climate change. Wind turbines are one of the most important renewable energy sources and have an important role to play in power generation. They do, however, have to serve the increasingly variable demands of the grid. Some of these demands cannot be satisfied with the standard control mechanisms of state-of-the-art wind turbines. A hydraulic-pneumatic flywheel in a wind turbine rotor is one mechanism which, in addition to its various grid services, can also reduce the mechanical loads on the structure of a wind turbine. However, the installation of such a flywheel into rotor blades increases the weight of the blades. This paper focusses on the development of a design method for reducing the additional mass of the flywheel. This method incorporates the piston accumulators of the flywheel in the blade support structure, which allows for the replacement of parts of the blade spar caps with composite material from the piston accumulators. This enables the flywheel to be installed into the rotor blades without making the wind turbine significantly heavier.
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  Jauch, Clemens
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Atmospheric Irrigation with Wind Turbines

Jauch, C. ., & Emeis, S. . (2022). Atmospheric Irrigation with Wind Turbines. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2265, 042066. http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042066 (Original work published 2025)

Abstract

In this paper, atmospheric irrigation with wind turbines is proposed. This technology addresses the problem of water scarcity by enhancing the natural water circuit in the atmosphere with wind turbines. There are three different operating modes conceivable for this technology. In two of these the wind turbines interact with the ground in their near wake. The third operating mode is the one which is discussed in this paper, and it aims at transporting water potentially over long distances. The basic working principle, the utilized physical phenomena and the basic design of the technology are introduced. The equations governing the hydraulic and the hydrological effects are presented. The goal of this paper is to quantify the necessary power and the necessary amount of water when wind turbines humidify a certain volume of air in the atmosphere. For this purpose, the power and water demand are assessed, both in a generalized manner and for a realistic scenario. It is concluded that the proposed system can achieve the objective in most wind speed conditions. However, the required amount of water is substantial. Therefore, an alternative source of fresh water has to be found when the system is used on a comparably large scale.
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Netzintegration von Windenergieanlagen

Jauch, C. . (2022). Netzintegration von Windenergieanlagen. In Einführung in die Windenergietechnik (3. Aufl., S. 407–471). München: Carl Hanser Verlag. http://doi.org/10.3139/9783446473225.010 (Original work published April 2022)
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  Jauch, Clemens
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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Potential of Onshore Wind Turbine Inertia in Decarbonising the Future Irish Energy System

Thiesen, H. ., & Jauch, C. . (2022). Potential of Onshore Wind Turbine Inertia in Decarbonising the Future Irish Energy System. Applied Sciences, 12(6), 16. http://doi.org/10.3390/app12062984 (Original work published März 2021)

Abstract

Power system inertia is an essential part for grid frequency stability and decreases due to the replacement of fossil fuel fired power plants with variable renewable energy sources. This development is not represented sufficiently in unit commitment and economic dispatch models. If considered at all, only synchronous inertia from fossil fuel driven power plants is modelled. This results in increased CO2 emissions, curtailed renewable energy and high system costs. While wind turbines are a source for synthetic inertia and an important renewable energy source, their capability to provide inertia is not incorporated into energy system models. The work at hand closes this research gap and applies a methodology to depict synthetic inertia provided by wind turbines as part of the optimisation dispatch model. A unit commitment and economic inertia dispatch model of the the all-Island Irish power system is created. The potential of wind inertia is analysed and quantified by assessing CO2 emissions, curtailed renewable energy and system costs. Results show that synthetic inertia provided by wind turbines can save up 30.99% of the CO2 emissions, reduce curtailment by up to 39.90% and reduce system costs by 32.72%.
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  Thiesen, Henning
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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Application of a New Dispatch Methodology to Identify the Influence of Inertia Supplying Wind Turbines on Day-Ahead Market Sales Volumes

Thiesen, H. ., & Jauch, C. . (2021). Application of a New Dispatch Methodology to Identify the Influence of Inertia Supplying Wind Turbines on Day-Ahead Market Sales Volumes. Energies, 14(5). http://doi.org/10.3390/en14051255 (Original work published Februar 2021)

Abstract

Power system inertia is an essential part of grid frequency control. The number of synchronously connected machines, which inherently provide inertia, is decreasing due to the transition to renewable energies. Conventional generation units are being replaced by renewable generation units which are connected to the grid via frequency converters. Some power systems already suffer from too little power system inertia. Hence, inertia is a valuable yet non-traded commodity. A day-ahead dispatch methodology to secure power system inertia was developed and is applied and assessed in this work. Day-ahead market data of the combined market of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is used. If the superimposition of sell and buy bids results in insufficient inertia, the dispatch algorithm is applied. In decreasing price order, non-inertia-providing sell bids get replaced by the following sell bids in the merit order. The iterative process is repeated until sufficient inertia is in the system. The provision of synthetic inertia by wind turbines is considered in the process. The costs for additional stored kinetic energy for the assessed time periods and scenarios result in costs ranging from 1.02 to 4.49 EUR/kgm2.
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  Thiesen, Henning
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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Development of a Lightweight Hydraulic-Pneumatic Flywheel System for Wind Turbine Rotors

Alhrshy, L. ., Jauch, C. ., Schaffarczyk, A. P., & Bünning, N. . (2021). Development of a Lightweight Hydraulic-Pneumatic Flywheel System for Wind Turbine Rotors. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13569.89447
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  Alhrshy, Laurence
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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Software-in-the-Loop Simulation of a Gas-Engine for the Design and Testing of a Wind Turbine Emulator

Rohr, A. ., & Jauch, C. . (2021). Software-in-the-Loop Simulation of a Gas-Engine for the Design and Testing of a Wind Turbine Emulator. Energies, 14. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14102898

Abstract

In order to investigate the grid integration of wind turbines (WT) of various scales and designs, a wind turbine emulator (WTE) is being built in Flensburg within the state-funded project GrinSH. The special feature of this WTE is the use of a large gas engine instead of an electric motor to emulate the behavior of a WT. In order to develop the controls of this innovative WTE and to design the upcoming test runs under safe conditions, a software in the loop model (SILM) was applied. This SILM contained a mathematical model of the wind turbine, mathematical models of the gas engine with an integrated controller, and a model of the generator and frequency converter unit, as well as a preventive modulator of the reference signal (PMRS). The PMRS module converts the reference signal of the emulated WT in such a way that the dynamics of the engine components can be calculated and balanced in advance to enable the required behavior of the entire SILM despite the dynamics of the gas engine. It was found that the PMRS module, developed and tested in this work, increased the ability of the WTE, based on a gas engine, to reproduce the dynamics of a WT.
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  Rohr, Alexander
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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Grid Services and Stress Reduction with a Flywheel in the Rotor of a Wind Turbine

Jauch, C. . (2021). Grid Services and Stress Reduction with a Flywheel in the Rotor of a Wind Turbine. Energies, 14. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14092556

Abstract

Wind power penetration increases in most grids and the sizes of wind turbines increase. This leads to increasingly tough requirements, which are imposed on wind turbines, both from the grid as well as from economics. Some of these partially contradictory requirements can only be satisfied with additional control mechanisms in the wind turbines. In this paper, such a mechanism, i.e., a hydraulic–pneumatic flywheel system in the rotor of a wind turbine, is discussed. This flywheel system supports a wind turbine in providing grid services such as steadying the power infeed, fast frequency response, continuous inertia provision, power system stabilization, and low voltage ride-through. In addition, it can help mitigate the stress on the mechanical structure of a wind turbine, which results from varying operating points, imbalances in the rotor, gravitation that acts on the blades, in-plane vibrations, and emergency braking. The study presented in this paper is based on simulations of a publicly available reference wind turbine. Both the rotor blade design as well as the design of the flywheel system are as previously published. It is discussed how the aforementioned grid services and the stress reduction mechanisms can be combined. Finally, it is concluded that such a flywheel system broadens the range of control mechanisms of a wind turbine substantially, which is beneficial for the grid as well as for the wind turbine itself.
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  Jauch, Clemens
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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