Publikationen

Software-in-the-Loop Simulation of a Gas-Engine for the Design and Testing of a Wind Turbine Emulator

Rohr, A., & Jauch, C. (2021). Software-in-the-Loop Simulation of a Gas-Engine for the Design and Testing of a Wind Turbine Emulator. Energies, 14. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14102898

Abstract

In order to investigate the grid integration of wind turbines (WT) of various scales and designs, a wind turbine emulator (WTE) is being built in Flensburg within the state-funded project GrinSH. The special feature of this WTE is the use of a large gas engine instead of an electric motor to emulate the behavior of a WT. In order to develop the controls of this innovative WTE and to design the upcoming test runs under safe conditions, a software in the loop model (SILM) was applied. This SILM contained a mathematical model of the wind turbine, mathematical models of the gas engine with an integrated controller, and a model of the generator and frequency converter unit, as well as a preventive modulator of the reference signal (PMRS). The PMRS module converts the reference signal of the emulated WT in such a way that the dynamics of the engine components can be calculated and balanced in advance to enable the required behavior of the entire SILM despite the dynamics of the gas engine. It was found that the PMRS module, developed and tested in this work, increased the ability of the WTE, based on a gas engine, to reproduce the dynamics of a WT.
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  Rohr, Alexander
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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Grid Services and Stress Reduction with a Flywheel in the Rotor of a Wind Turbine

Jauch, C. (2021). Grid Services and Stress Reduction with a Flywheel in the Rotor of a Wind Turbine. Energies, 14. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14092556

Abstract

Wind power penetration increases in most grids and the sizes of wind turbines increase. This leads to increasingly tough requirements, which are imposed on wind turbines, both from the grid as well as from economics. Some of these partially contradictory requirements can only be satisfied with additional control mechanisms in the wind turbines. In this paper, such a mechanism, i.e., a hydraulic–pneumatic flywheel system in the rotor of a wind turbine, is discussed. This flywheel system supports a wind turbine in providing grid services such as steadying the power infeed, fast frequency response, continuous inertia provision, power system stabilization, and low voltage ride-through. In addition, it can help mitigate the stress on the mechanical structure of a wind turbine, which results from varying operating points, imbalances in the rotor, gravitation that acts on the blades, in-plane vibrations, and emergency braking. The study presented in this paper is based on simulations of a publicly available reference wind turbine. Both the rotor blade design as well as the design of the flywheel system are as previously published. It is discussed how the aforementioned grid services and the stress reduction mechanisms can be combined. Finally, it is concluded that such a flywheel system broadens the range of control mechanisms of a wind turbine substantially, which is beneficial for the grid as well as for the wind turbine itself.
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  Jauch, Clemens
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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Influence of Continuous Provision of Synthetic Inertia on the Mechanical Loads of a Wind Turbine

Gloe, A., Jauch, C., Craciun, B., Zanter, A., & Winkelmann, J. (2021). Influence of Continuous Provision of Synthetic Inertia on the Mechanical Loads of a Wind Turbine. Energies, 14(16), 5185. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14165185

Abstract

In many electrical grids, the share of renewable energy generation increases. As these generators are typically connected to the grid via inverters, the level of grid inertia decreases. Such grids may therefore suffer from high rates of change of frequency during power imbalances. Modern wind turbines can help in controlling the frequency in such grids by providing synthetic inertia. A controller to provide synthetic inertia with wind turbines was developed at the Wind Energy Technology Institute in collaboration with Suzlon Energy. For this controller the influence of providing synthetic inertia on the mechanical loads of the wind turbine is assessed for different grid frequency scenarios. Such a scenario-based load analysis has not been published before, especially as the scenarios are derived from real measurements. The effect of the loads strongly depends on the analyzed grid frequency behavior. Ten months of high quality grid frequency measurements of the Indian grid are analyzed in order to derive inputs for the load calculation. Different types of grid frequency abnormities are identified and categorized with respect to their severity. Based on the observed occurrences of the grid frequency abnormities, realistic scenarios for the load calculations are chosen. The load calculations are performed for a state-of-the-art Suzlon wind turbine generator. The load increases caused by the supply of synthetic inertia are calculated for individual components assuming an otherwise undisturbed power production of the wind turbine in turbulent wind. Furthermore, a hardware-in-the-loop test bench is used to show how the measured grid frequencies are actually perceived by the control system of a typical wind turbine. The original frequency data were recorded with high quality measurement equipment, which is faster and more accurate than a multi-function relay, often used in wind turbines. For exemplary time traces, the effect of the reduced measurement accuracy on the reaction of the wind turbine is shown. This aspect has not been investigated in the literature yet. The results show that wind turbines can provide synthetic inertia without a considerable effect on the lifetime of the wind turbine. However, there are still problems with providing synthetic inertia reliably at high power operating points, which have to be solved.
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  Gloe, Arne
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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Grid Support with Wind Turbines: The Case of the 2019 Blackout in Flensburg

Gloe, A., Jauch, C., & Räther, T. (2021). Grid Support with Wind Turbines: The Case of the 2019 Blackout in Flensburg. Energies, 14(6), 1697. http://doi.org/10.3390/en14061697

Abstract

The work presented in this paper aims to show how modern wind turbines can help to control the frequency in a small grid which suffers from large power imbalances. It is shown for an exemplary situation, which occurred in Flensburg’s distribution grid in 2019: a major blackout, which occurred after almost two hours in islanding operation, affecting almost the entire distribution grid, which supplies approximately 55,000 households and businesses. For the analysis, a wind turbine model and a grid support controller developed at the Wind Energy Technology Institute are combined with real measurements from the day of the blackout to generate a fictional yet realistic case study for such an islanding situation. For this case study, it is assumed that wind turbines with grid support functionalities are connected to the medium voltage distribution grid of the city. It is shown to what extent wind turbines can help to operate the grid by providing grid frequency support in two ways: By supplying synthetic inertia only, where the wind turbines can help to limit the rate of change of frequency in the islanded grid directly after losing the connection to the central European grid. In combination with the primary frequency control capabilities of the wind turbines (WTs), the disconnection of one gen set in the local power station might have been avoided. Furthermore, wind turbines with primary frequency control capabilities could have restored the grid frequency to 50 Hz shortly after the islanding situation even if the aforementioned gen-set was lost. This would have allowed connecting a backup medium voltage line to the central European grid and thereby avoiding the blackout.
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  Gloe, Arne
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Grenzland INNOVATIV Schleswig-Holstein
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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Grid Frequency Data – WETI

Thiesen, H., Gloe, A., & Jauch, C. (2021). Grid Frequency Data – WETI. http://doi.org/doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/JBK82

Abstract

The presented grid frequency data is part of research activities at the Wind Energy Technology Instiute (WETI) at the Flensburg University of Applied Sciences. The measurement campaign is conducted in Flensburg, Germany. Hence, the grid frequency of the synchronous area of Continental Europe is tracked. A Dewetron 2010 measurement system is used to record and compute the data. The measurement system computes the grid frequency by tracking the grid voltage with a high sampling rate of 50 kHz. Every 164 ms the software fits a sinusoidal curve into the recorded voltage measurement points using the least-square-sums approach. The period of the resulting sinusoidal function is used as a measure for grid frequency.
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  Thiesen, Henning
  
  Gloe, Arne
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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Determining the Load Inertia Contribution from Different Power Consumer Groups

Thiesen, H., & Jauch, C. (2020). Determining the Load Inertia Contribution from Different Power Consumer Groups. Energies, 13(7). http://doi.org/10.3390/en13071588 (Original work published April 2020)

Abstract

Power system inertia is a vital part of power system stability. The inertia response within the first seconds after a power imbalance reduces the velocity of which the grid frequency changes. At present, large shares of power system inertia are provided by synchronously rotating masses of conventional power plants. A minor part of power system inertia is supplied by power consumers. The energy system transformation results in an overall decreasing amount of power system inertia. Hence, inertia has to be provided synthetically in future power systems. In depth knowledge about the amount of inertia provided by power consumers is very important for a future application of units supplying synthetic inertia. It strongly promotes the technical efficiency and cost effective application. A blackout in the city of Flensburg allows for a detailed research on the inertia contribution from power consumers. Therefore, power consumer categories are introduced and the inertia contribution is calculated for each category. Overall, the inertia constant for different power consumers is in the range of 0.09 to 4.24 s if inertia constant calculations are based on the power demand. If inertia constant calculations are based on the apparent generator power, the load inertia constant is in the range of 0.01 to 0.19 s.
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  Thiesen, Henning
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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Development of a Flexible Lightweight Hydraulic-Pneumatic Flywheel System for Wind Turbine Rotors

Alhrshy, L., Jauch, C., & Kloft, P. (2020). Development of a Flexible Lightweight Hydraulic-Pneumatic Flywheel System for Wind Turbine Rotors. Fluids, 5. http://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040162

Abstract

In this paper, the design of a flexible piston accumulator for application in a hydraulic-pneumatic flywheel system in a wind turbine rotor is presented. The flywheel system enables a wind turbine to vary the inertia of its rotor blades to control the power output and, most importantly, to influence the vibratory behaviour of wind turbine components. The method used for designing the flexible accumulator is based on the one hand on test results of a flexible piston accumulator prototype, and on the other hand, on simulation results of a model of a flexible piston accumulator. As a result, a design of flexible piston accumulators for application in the flywheel system is implemented and compared with the design of conventional steel accumulators. Due to the proposed design of the flywheel system, the impact on the mechanical loads of a wind turbine is analysed. The simulation results show that the new design of the piston accumulators causes a lower impact on the mechanical loads of the wind turbine than a previously published design of piston accumulators. It is further shown that the considered wind turbine can take on the flywheel system without the need for reinforcements in the rotor blades.
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  Alhrshy, Laurence
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Schwungrad
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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  Fachbereich 2: Energy and Life Science
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First Eigenmodes Simulation Model of a Wind Turbine - for Control Algorithm Design

Jauch, C. (2020). First Eigenmodes Simulation Model of a Wind Turbine - for Control Algorithm Design. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17192.19204
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  Jauch, Clemens
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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Flexible hydropneumatische Kolbenspeicher aus kohlefaserverstärktem Kunststoff zum Einsatz in Rotorblätter von Windenergieanlagen

Jauch, C., Alhrshy, L., & Kloft, P. (2019). Flexible hydropneumatische Kolbenspeicher aus kohlefaserverstärktem Kunststoff zum Einsatz in Rotorblätter von Windenergieanlagen. Ingenieurspiegel , 4, 3. (Original work published November 2019)
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  Jauch, Clemens
  
  Alhrshy, Laurence
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Störfall im Flensburger Stromnetz – wie Windenergieanlagen den Blackout möglicherweise hätten verhindern können

Gloe, A., Jauch, C., & Räther, T. (2019). Störfall im Flensburger Stromnetz – wie Windenergieanlagen den Blackout möglicherweise hätten verhindern können. Ingenieurspiegel , 4, 3. (Original work published November 2019)
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  Gloe, Arne
  
  Jauch, Clemens
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  Wind Energy Technology Institute
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