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2026

SonoGame – more than just a game: Evaluation of an ultrasound training platform

Guergan, S., Henze, V., Gall, C., Schönfisch, B., Brucker, S. Y., Bertel, S., … Hahn, M. (2026). SonoGame – more than just a game: Evaluation of an ultrasound training platform. European Journal of Ultrasound, 47(02), 171–179. http://doi.org/10.1055/a-2627-8194

Abstract

Ultrasound examination is a vital imaging tool in medicine, yet opportunities for comprehensive theoretical and practical training during medical education are limited. Effective ultrasound education requires both theoretical knowledge and hands-on practice. To address this, we developed SonoGame, a gamified platform designed to teach ultrasound skills to medical students. SonoGame provides a step-by-step introduction to ultrasound imaging and aims to improve skills such as image orientation, spatial visualization, and hand-eye-coordination through mini-games using geometric objects. This study evaluates the impact of SonoGame training on ultrasound skills.In this prospective, single-center study, 56 medical students, the majority of whom had no prior ultrasound experience, were randomly assigned to either a control group or a SonoGame group. The SonoGame group trained with the platform in four 30-minute sessions over 4 weeks, while the control group received no training. Ultrasound skills were assessed in both groups before and after the training period.The SonoGame group showed significant improvement in ultrasound skills, particularly with complex anatomical structures, compared to the control group. Participants in the SonoGame group also reported increased familiarity and confidence with sonography, viewing SonoGame as a valuable tool in their training.SonoGame is an effective supplement to conventional ultrasound education, enhancing the skills necessary for ultrasound examinations in medical students.
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Teistler, Michael

Forschungsprojekt

Entwicklung und praktischer Einsatz virtueller und spielbasierter Lernsysteme in der medizinischen Bildgebung

Computerbasierte Ausbildung in der Medizinischen Bildgebung durch virtuelle und spielbasierte Lernumgebungen

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2026

Journal Article

Selin Guergan

Victoria Henze

Christian Gall

Birgitt Schönfisch

Sara Brucker

Sven Bertel

Lukas Mayer

Matthias Süncksen

Michael Teistler

Markus Hahn

ultrasound education

sonography

medical education

gamification

skills lab
Seeing the invisible: Enhancing radiation protection competencies through a curricular virtual reality simulation in medical education

Dabel, J., Meier, N., Süncksen, M., Mayer, L., Zak, G., Teistler, M., … Junga, A. (2026). Seeing the invisible: Enhancing radiation protection competencies through a curricular virtual reality simulation in medical education. In Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung (GMA). Dresden: German Medical Science GMS Publishing House. http://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.3205/26gma021 (Original work published September 2026)

Abstract

Background: Radiation protection remains abstract in medical training as ionizing radiation is not perceptible to human senses. Theoretical instruction often fails to bridge the gap to safe clinical behavior in the operating room. This study evaluates a newly developed, curricular virtual reality (VR) course designed to visualize scatter radiation and improve medical students’ safety-related self-efficacy.
Methods: In a prospective study at the University of Münster (winterterm 2025/26), a VR radiation protection module was implemented as a mandatory curricular component for 169 third-year medical students. Data from 139 students who provided written informed consent were included in the evaluation. The core intervention consisted of an immersive VR simulation featuring a virtual operating room with a C-arm based on the proof-of-concept by Süncksen et al. [1] and was specifically adapted for this course. Scatter radiation was rendered as real-time 3D heatmap. Evaluation was conducted via pre- and post-intervention surveys (5-point Likert scales), including the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) to assess mental demand and frustration. Statistical analysis presented in mean (M)±SD, utilized paired samples t-tests and Cohen’s d.
Results: The module achieved a global rating of 71.2±21.7 (scale 1-100). Students reported high immersion (M=3.6±0.9) and enjoyment (M=4.1±1.0) with low physical demand (M=1.7±0.9). NASA-TLX scores indicated moderate mental demand (M=2.4±1.1) and task complexity (M=2.5±0.9), suggesting a well-balanced challenge. Comparisons of self-assessment scores in the pre- and post-intervention questionnaires revealed significant improvements across all competency domains (p<0.001). The most pronounced effect was observed for safe positioning within the room (d=1.1; pre: M=2.3±1.0, post: M=3.3±0.9). Overall, 91.7% of students recommended the permanent integration of the VR course.
Discussion: Virtual reality effectively bridges the gap between theory and practice by rendering invisible radiation hazards visible. The immersive 3D heatmap enables students to experience spatial dose distributions, transforming abstract safety principles into tangible experiences. Our results align with prior research [2], while highlighting the specific impact of high-fidelity heatmaps on spatial awareness. NASA-TLX data confirm the simulation is intellectually stimulating without inducing excessive cognitive demand, ensuring feasibility for mandatory curricular use. Building on institutional VR-expertise [3], this module can help to establish a scalable educational standard that effectively prepares students for radiation-safe behavior in clinical practice.
Take-home messages: Immersive 3D heatmaps significantly enhance student self-efficacy in radiation-safe positioning. The balanced cognitive load and high student acceptance made this scalable VR module a useable approach for risk-free practical training.

References
[1] Süncksen M, Bott OJ, Dresing K, Teistler M. Simulation of scattered radiation during intraoperative imaging in a virtual reality learning environment. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2020;15(4):691-702. DOI: 10.1007/s11548-020-02126-x
[2] Rainford L, Tcacenco A, Potocnik J, Brophy C, Lunney A, Kearney D, O’Connor M. Student perceptions of the use of three-dimensional (3-D) virtual reality (VR) simulation in the delivery of radiation protection training. Radiography (Lond). 2023;29(4):777-785. DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.05.009
[3] Junga A, Kockwelp P, Valkov D, Schulze H, Bozdere P, Hätscher O, Ahrens H, Marschall B, Risse B, Holling M. Teach the Unteachable with a Virtual Reality (VR) Brain Death Scenario - 800 Students and 3 Years of Experience. Perspect Med Educ. 2025;14(1):44-54. DOI: 10.5334/pme.1427
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Teistler, Michael

Forschungsprojekt

Entwicklung und praktischer Einsatz virtueller und spielbasierter Lernsysteme in der medizinischen Bildgebung

Virtual Medical Imaging Trainer (ViMIT)

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2026

Conference Paper

Jennifer Dabel

Norbert Meier

Matthias Süncksen

Lukas Mayer

Gisela Zak

Michael Teistler

Bernhard Marschall

Anna Helfen

Anna Junga

2024

Training for Ultrasound Imaging: An Evaluation of SonoGame

Gürgan, S., Henze, V., Gall, C., Schoenfisch, B., Brucker, S., Hahn, M., … Teistler, M. (2024). Training for Ultrasound Imaging: An Evaluation of SonoGame. ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction (SUI 2024). Trier, Germany: ACM, New York. http://doi.org/10.1145/3677386.3688880
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Bertel, Sven

Teistler, Michael

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2024

Conference Proceedings

Selin Gürgan

Victoria Henze

Christian Gall

Birgitt Schoenfisch

Sara Brucker

Markus Hahn

Sven Bertel

Lukas Mayer

Matthias Süncksen

Michael Teistler

2023

SonoGame

Gürgan, S., Bertel, S., Gall, C., Henze, V., Mayer, L., Seller, A., … Hahn, M. (2023). SonoGame. Ultraschall Med, 44(S 01). http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1772423
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Bertel, Sven

Teistler, Michael

Forschungsprojekt

Entwicklung und praktischer Einsatz virtueller und spielbasierter Lernsysteme in der medizinischen Bildgebung

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2023

Journal Article

Selin Gürgan

Sven Bertel

Christian Gall

Victoria Henze

Lukas Mayer

Anna Seller

Matthias Süncksen

Michael Teistler

Markus Hahn
Gallery Walk in Virtual Reality – immersive Einblicke in VR-Projekte der medizinischen Ausbildung

Willemer, M.-C., Klus, C., Teistler, M., Flägel, K., Junga, A., Schulze, H., … Speidel, R. (2023). Gallery Walk in Virtual Reality – immersive Einblicke in VR-Projekte der medizinischen Ausbildung . Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung (GMA). http://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.3205/23gma294 (Original work published Oktober 2023)
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Teistler, Michael

Forschungsprojekt

Entwicklung und praktischer Einsatz virtueller und spielbasierter Lernsysteme in der medizinischen Bildgebung

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2023

Conference Proceedings

Marie-Christin Willemer

Christina Klus

Michael Teistler

Kristina Flägel

Anna Junga

Henriette Schulze

Charlotte Daub

Ivica Grgic

Bernd Romeike

Ole Hätscher

Matthias Süncksen

Lukas Mayer

Robert Speidel
vimiLab – Teaching Medical Imaging and Radiological Anatomy in a Virtual Reality Environment

Mayer, L., Süncksen, M., Reinhold, S., & Teistler, M. (2023). vimiLab – Teaching Medical Imaging and Radiological Anatomy in a Virtual Reality Environment. In 2023 IEEE 11th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH) (S. 1–5). http://doi.org/10.1109/SeGAH57547.2023.10253787
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Teistler, Michael

Forschungsprojekt

Entwicklung und praktischer Einsatz virtueller und spielbasierter Lernsysteme in der medizinischen Bildgebung

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2023

Conference Paper

Lukas Mayer

Matthias Süncksen

Sascha Reinhold

Michael Teistler

2021

Training Visuospatial And Visuomotor Skills For Ultrasound Imaging With A Game

Teistler, M., Reinhold, S., Süncksen, M., & Mayer, L. (2021). Training Visuospatial And Visuomotor Skills For Ultrasound Imaging With A Game. In 107th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting (RSNA 2021). Chicago, IL, USA: Radiological Society of North America. (Original work published Dezember 2021)
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Teistler, Michael

Forschungsprojekt

Entwicklung und praktischer Einsatz virtueller und spielbasierter Lernsysteme in der medizinischen Bildgebung

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2021

Conference Paper

Michael Teistler

Sascha Reinhold

Matthias Süncksen

Lukas Mayer
SonoGame

Gürgan, S., Mayer, L., Hahn, M., Seller, A., Bertel, S., Teistler, M., & Gall, C. (2021). SonoGame. In Senologie - Zeitschrift für Mammadiagnostik und -therapie (Bd. 18). Thieme. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730164 (Original work published Juni 2021)
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Bertel, Sven

Teistler, Michael

Forschungsprojekt

Entwicklung und praktischer Einsatz virtueller und spielbasierter Lernsysteme in der medizinischen Bildgebung

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2021

Conference Paper

Selin Gürgan

Lukas Mayer

Markus Hahn

Anna Seller

Sven Bertel

Michael Teistler

Christian Gall
Training visuospatial skills for medical ultrasound imaging with a desktop-based learning game

Mayer, L., Süncksen, M., Reinhold, S., Bertel, S., & Teistler, M. (2021). Training visuospatial skills for medical ultrasound imaging with a desktop-based learning game. In 9th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH 2021). Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Bertel, Sven

Teistler, Michael

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2021

Conference Paper

Lukas Mayer

Matthias Süncksen

Sascha Reinhold

Sven Bertel

Michael Teistler

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2026

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