Publikationen

This paper compares ESP communication by non-native speakers of Maritime English with communication outside a nautical setting in order to profile its structural idiosyncrasy. Vocabulary growth, word frequencies, lexical and key word densities, and grammar diversity as dependent linguistic variables observed in transcribed full-mission simulation exercises are contrasted to the Brown Corpus, the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English and the Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP). Using quantitative linguistics, inherent structural patterns of nautical team communication are identified and similarities and variations highlighted. Significant differences found in all linguistic features are gauged by means of the Probability of Superiority (PS) effect size. A linguistic profile is created which quantifies the observed language patterns and provides a quantitative model for the linguistic genre of this particular discourse community. The model fills the gap of quantitative research on empirical bridge team communication samples and delivers a valid tool for estimating the magnitude of observed linguistic effects.

The paper compares the pedagogical advantages of two simulation types used for training verbal maritime communication. It tests the hypothesis that “low-fi” simulation using online web conference software, specifically ‘chat’ or messaging, is a valid complementary tool for the instruction of Maritime English and full-mission simulation. Based on a series of exercises involving multi-national and multi-lingual students, various linguistic patterns are determined and compared to audio recordings of full-mission simulation. Probability of superiority effect sizes is computed to quantify the observed effects. The findings corroborate the proximity of language patterns found in low-fi and full-mission simulation. Pedagogical implications are discussed, and future research possibilities are outlined.

The research paper is the second in a series of studies on an improved use of the Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) during an international low-fi simulation exercise in a classroom setting. Following a briefing on the use of relevant SMCP by means of an e-learning platform, students of Maritime English at several maritime universities participated in a virtual bridge team exercise. The communication patterns employed in their situational assessment and decision making were compared to previous low-fi simulations whereby participants had not received any briefing on the use of SMCP prior to the exercise [1] (cf. John et al., 2013). Based on the different features observed in both exercise settings, the scope for using a constructivist learning environment as offered by low-fi simulations is discussed and possibilities for an integral pedagogical approach towards teaching standard phraseology are outlined.

Gustafsson’s (2004)1 linguistic scrutiny of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) reveals, amongst other characteristics, that almost 900 of the 2,500 so-called “content words” appear only once in the document offering “no support from repetition in the learning task” (ibid. p.179). The accusation that the SMCP are difficult to learn is a criticism often leveled at the phrases. Indeed, teachers of Maritime English frequently struggle to find an optimum means to encourage learning of this particular aspect of the syllabus. The aim of the SMCP is, however, to promote and enhance safety at sea through concise, unambiguous communication and, as a result, knowledge and use of the phrases are required by the IMO Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW). Such justifiable and laudable motives are, one would think, enough to encourage any cadet “worth his or her salt” to master the SMCP. Experience in many MET institutions proves otherwise however.This paper suggests that classroom “low-fi” simulation of bridge team interaction may be used as an innovative means of encouraging and developing competent use of English, including SMCP, during onboard communication. In December 2012, the first of a proposed series of simulations was conducted at Novia University of Applied Sciences in Finland, Jade University of Applied Sciences in Germany and Antwerp Maritime Academy in Belgium. This paper describes the methodology used for the simulation and then goes on to analyse aspects of the data gathered. Using John’s2 (2013) method of analysis, a system of quantifying the content in utterances is applied to highlight technical language and, in particular, SMCP content words. Questions arising from the communication flows produced may have pedagogical implications: does, for example, increased use of the SMCP result in less ambiguity and ultimately greater communicative precision?

The paper presents a method for measuring the information flow in bridge team communication based on an analysis of the voyage data recorder transcript of MV Cosco Busan alliding with a bridge pillar in San Francisco Bay in dense fog. The aim is to assess the efficiency of maritime communication by developing a specific index suitable for evaluating individual and team communication performance. The allision investigated in this paper leads to the conclusion that the information flow in bridge team communication can be measured quantitatively and that a correlation to external situational factors can be demonstrated.