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2024

Data-Driven Analysis of Physical and Mental Rotation Strategies

Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2024). Data-Driven Analysis of Physical and Mental Rotation Strategies. CogSci 2025 conference. Rotterdam: Cognitive Science Society.

Abstract

Studying physical rotation (i.e., rotation tasks during which figures can be physically rotated, such as through gestures) can offer insights also into problem solving processes at work during mental rotation. We present a novel method for behavioral pattern analysis which we applied to data from 2,999 physical rotation tasks gathered in-class from 50 secondary school students. The method uses normalized, resampled, time-dependent data on angular offsets between figures over time and agglomerative, correlation-based clustering. Each cluster represents a distinct behavioral pattern and its respective prototype a problem solving strategy. Results indicate that multiple strategies were employed: The dominant strategy matches the classical model of mental rotation, in which angular offsets between figures are decreased over time. For the secondary strategy, angular offsets were actually increased. A subsequent analysis shows that the secondary strategy was more frequently used for symmetric figures, possibly indicating problems with correctly matching segments across figures.
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Bertel, Sven

Forschungsprojekt

Kompetenzen für eine digitale Welt: partizipative Entwicklung von Apps zum Training räumlicher Fähigkeiten im Unterricht

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Human-Computer-Interaction

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Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2024

Conference Proceedings

Stefanie Wetzel

Sven Bertel
Problem Solving Strategies in Physical and Mental Rotation

Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2024). Problem Solving Strategies in Physical and Mental Rotation. Spatial Cognition Conference 2024. Dublin.
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Bertel, Sven

Forschungsprojekt

Kompetenzen für eine digitale Welt: partizipative Entwicklung von Apps zum Training räumlicher Fähigkeiten im Unterricht

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Profilbereich

Informatik und Gestaltung

Forschungsfeld

Human-Computer-Interaction

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2024

Conference Proceedings

Stefanie Wetzel

Sven Bertel

2020

Spatial task solving on tablets: analysing mental and physical rotation processes of 12–13-year olds

Wetzel, S. ., Bertel, S. ., Montag, M. ., & Zander, S. . (2020). Spatial task solving on tablets: analysing mental and physical rotation processes of 12–13-year olds. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(1), 363–381. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09699-8

Abstract

Spatial skill assessment and training are promising fields of application for tablets, as touch-based interaction can prime and support mental transformations of spatial knowledge. We report on a study with 49 secondary school students who used our iPad app to solve mental and physical rotation tasks. During physical rotation, students were able to rotate 3D stimuli using touch interaction. Results show specific similarities (e.g., regarding angular disparity effects) as well as differences between mental and physical conditions, such as for task success, mental effort, efficiency; all to the advantage of the physical condition. 12–13-year olds can benefit from these advantages without previous task training, whereas previous research showed this to be different for younger students. In a second step, our analysis compares low and high achievers regarding physical rotation behaviour and motivational variables, including expected success. The results lay grounds for constructing individualized, tablet-based training apps for spatial skills.
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Bertel, Sven

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CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

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Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2020

Journal Article

Stefanie Wetzel

Sven Bertel

Michael Montag

Steffi Zander
Comparing Eye Movements Between Physical Rotation Interaction Techniques

Bertel, S. ., & Wetzel, S. . (2020). Comparing Eye Movements Between Physical Rotation Interaction Techniques. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. http://doi.org/10.1145/3379156.3391355

Abstract

Recent studies have shown a number of procedural similarities between solving problems in mental and in physical rotation. Such similarities open up the interesting option to study mental rotation indirectly through physical rotation, with the advantage that physical rotation processes can be much more easily observed than mental ones. To better assess where solution processes in mental and physical rotation differ, though, it is important to know what influence any specific interaction method in physical rotation will have. We present results from a comparison of two such interaction methods: a one-handed, touch-based and a two-handed, ball-based method. Our analysis focuses on fixation durations and saccade amplitudes as proxies for mental load. Results show, importantly, that the choice of interaction method seems to matter but little. We therefore suggest that the existing findings of past studies that have compared mental to physical rotation are likely highly comparable, despite the fact that different interaction techniques were used.
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Bertel, Sven

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CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2020

Conference Paper

Sven Bertel

Stefanie Wetzel

physical rotation

fixation duration

saccade amplitude

mental rotation
A gender issue? - How touch-based interactions with dynamic spatial objects support performance and motivation of secondary school students

Zander, S. ., Montag, M. ., Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2020). A gender issue? - How touch-based interactions with dynamic spatial objects support performance and motivation of secondary school students. Computers & Education, 143, 103677. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103677

Abstract

Mobile devices are seen to incorporate characteristics which can support learning and problem solving in general and specific abilities, such as spatial ones (e.g. mental rotation). Central relevant characteristics of these devices are the availability of multiple representations (e.g. dynamic and static) and the direct interaction via touch, pointing and tracing with displayed information. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of direct interactive, dynamic interactions with spatial tasks on mobile devices as compared to purely static, non-interactive versions of the same tasks. We expected that dynamic, interactive tasks support mental processes while solving spatial tasks would be especially helpful for learners with difficulties in mental rotation and low expectancies regarding their spatial abilities. Therefore, the second focus of the study was to examine whether the expected beneficial effects of dynamic interactions were equally beneficial for both genders. This was motivated by previous studies that revealed gender differences in performance and motivational beliefs regarding spatial tasks to the disadvantage of females. We used a mixed within-between subject design with presentation format (static vs. dynamic) and gender (female vs. male) as factors and success rate, mental effort, intrinsic motivation, and frustration as dependent variables. The study was conducted in four classes (7th grade, N = 46) in two secondary schools. To test gender related pre-assumptions, spatial abilities and motivation were assessed before solving the actual rotation tasks. A MANOVA with single-comparison follow-up tests revealed increased success rates and decreased mental effort for both genders in the dynamic condition, whereas beneficial effects for intrinsic motivation and frustration were restricted to female students. Process data for rotation behavior was registered for dynamic tasks: an analysis hinted at more exploratory ways of solving spatial tasks for females and at more goal-oriented approaches for male students.
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Bertel, Sven

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2020

Journal Article

Steffi Zander

Michael Montag

Stefanie Wetzel

Sven Bertel

Touch interaction

Dynamic representations

Spatial abilities

Gender differences

Motivation

2019

Using Gaze-Derived Measures to Contrast Mental and Physical Rotation Processes

Bertel, S. ., & Wetzel, S. . (2019). Using Gaze-Derived Measures to Contrast Mental and Physical Rotation Processes. ECEM 2019. Alicante.
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Bertel, Sven

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2019

Conference Proceedings

Sven Bertel

Stefanie Wetzel
Potential of AR for the Analysis and Training of Spatial Skills: A Case Study

Dohse, F. ., Nicolaisen, V. ., Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2019). Potential of AR for the Analysis and Training of Spatial Skills: A Case Study. In Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2019 (S. 537–541). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. http://doi.org/10.1145/3340764.3344453

Abstract

Good spatial skills are of particular importance in STEM domains. For the training of spatial skills, smartphones provide a promising platform because of their high dissemination. Additionally, new frameworks make it easy to develop and use augmented reality (AR) contents. To examine the potential of AR for the training of spatial skills, we developed a prototype of a smartphone app for the solving of cross section tasks.The prototype was tested in a user study with 32 university students. It was compared against a second prototype with a classical Arcball interaction. For both prototypes, success rates were equally high. However, 3D-objects could be rotated faster using the AR-app. For the AR-app, participants reported higher scores regarding innovation and motivation but also for physical demands. This is especially interesting because motor activity and spatial skills are highly connected. Therefore, the physical approach might be promising for the development of spatial skill training apps which might lead to good long-term training results.
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Bertel, Sven

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2019

Conference Paper

Friedemann Dohse

Vera Nicolaisen

Stefanie Wetzel

Sven Bertel

augmented reality

Grundlagen adaptiver Lernsysteme

R aumliches Vorstellungsverm ogen

Usability-Studie

Schnittbilder

2018

A gender issue? - Process measures while solving spatial tasks on mobile devices

Zander, S. ., Yepes-Serna, V. ., Montag, M. ., Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2018). A gender issue? - Process measures while solving spatial tasks on mobile devices. EARLI SIG 27 Meeting (Online Measures of Education). Warszaw, Poland.
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Bertel, Sven

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CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2018

Conference Proceedings

Steffi Zander

Vanesa Yepes-Serna

Michael Montag

Stefanie Wetzel

Sven Bertel
A gender issue? - Analyzing individual differences while solving spatial tasks on mobile devices

Zander, S. ., Yepes-Serna, V. ., Montag, M. ., Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2018). A gender issue? - Analyzing individual differences while solving spatial tasks on mobile devices. EARLI SIG 6 & 7 Meeting (Technology-Enhanced Learning). Bonn, Germany.
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Bertel, Sven

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CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2018

Conference Proceedings

Steffi Zander

Vanesa Yepes-Serna

Michael Montag

Stefanie Wetzel

Sven Bertel
A Comparison of Mental and Physical Rotation Using Gaze-Based Measures

Wetzel, S. ., & Bertel, S. . (2018). A Comparison of Mental and Physical Rotation Using Gaze-Based Measures. Spatial Cognition XI. Tübingen. Germany: Springer International Publishing.

Abstract

Over the past few years, a number of studies have reported on procedural similarities and differences between mental rotation and physical (i.e., manual) rotation of Shepard and Metzler-type stimuli. These similarities include comparable angular disparity effects and comparable final angular offsets in problem solving. This paper presents results from further comparisons based on gazed-derived measures obtained across the course of trials. In a within-subject design, participants solved the same tasks as mental and as physical rotation problems. We compare time courses of mean fixation duration and of saccade amplitude, and interpret these with respect to underlying mental processes and loads. The results point to additional specific procedural similarities and differences, which nicely complement the previous findings. The results are of additional, practical use for establishing how and when physical rotation can provide a useful proxy for mental rotation for purposes of process analysis, of ability assessment, and of training.
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Bertel, Sven

Abteilung/Einrichtung

CIVU – Center for Interaction, Visualization and Usability

Fachbereich

Fachbereich 3: Information und Kommunikation
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2018

Conference Proceedings

Stefanie Wetzel

Sven Bertel

Publikationen

2024

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